1. Poor leadership: Most African countries have been marred by corrupt and ineffective leadership, resulting in mismanagement of resources and economic instability.

2. Colonial legacy: Colonial powers often extracted resources from African countries and left them with minimal economic infrastructure, resulting in a weaker economic base.

3. Political instability: Civil wars, military coups and other forms of political unrest have devastated many African countries, causing economic and social disruption.

4. High population growth: Rapid population growth in many African countries has stretched resources to the limit and put additional pressure on infrastructure and services.

5. Poor infrastructure: Many African countries lack basic infrastructure such as transport networks, electricity networks and water and sanitation systems, making it difficult for businesses to operate efficiently.

6. Natural disasters and climate change: Drought, floods, cyclones and other natural disasters have caused significant damage and disruption, resulting in economic losses.

7. Weak education and health systems: In many African countries, education and health systems are inadequate, resulting in poor health outcomes and a lack of skilled workers.

8. Dependence on foreign aid: Many African countries are heavily dependent on foreign aid, resulting in a lack of economic autonomy and self-sufficiency.

9. Low level of technological development: Many African countries have a low level of technological development, resulting in a lack of access to newer and more efficient ways of producing goods and services.

10. Unsustainable resource exploitation: Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources has caused environmental degradation and put pressure on the ability of African countries to generate income.